The Physics of Computer Keyboards


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Some keyboards have weird layouts

rubber
                  dome

Others have extra USB ports

strafe

strafe_usb

and even others have awkward looking keys, like a super long spacebar


strafe

However, some have some truly unique features, like a built-in hardware mouse!

strafe

Well, not quite a conventional mouse, but a device that is commonly called a trackpoint.

trackpoint

You see, this device utilizes torque in order to move the mouse cursor!

In a modern optical mouse, and older trackball mice, digital or analog values were adjusted based on light reflection and the number of revolutions made by axial rollers respectively. The computer receives these values, and based on them, the mouse cursor moves accordingly on the screen. In a somewhat similar fashion, when a tangent force is applied to the trackpoint, a torque is applied at the base of the trackpoint, resulting in more force downward in a particular direction like so

trackpoint_free_body

Now, the base of the trackpoint experiences torque, it applies a force on a particular compound at the bottom of the stem. When force is applied to this compound, it results in the voltage going across the compound changing. There are several sensors which read the change in voltage, then move the mouse cursor according to the variance in voltages at the sensors.

This method was common on laptops, such as on the original IBM Thinkpad, before the advent of the trackpad, which is much more user friendly, but some modern laptops have actually retained this feature, such as the Thinkpad T61 by Lenovo.

trackpoint

Though the trackpoint is much smaller, it uses a similar principle. Most users prefer trackpads, but many fans of the original Thinkpad line of laptops still prefer the trackpoint system over the trackpad, claiming it is more accurate and responsive when not using a proper mouse.

Javier De Leon
Physics 211 - Fall 2018
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Background: "Blue" by karenatsharon is licensed under CC BY 2.0