Bird Physiology

Avian Skeletal System & Adapted Traits

    As creatures capable of generating enough lift to fly, birds can certainly be considered a talented bunch. However, one major disadvantage that birds have when compared to something like an airplane is their distinct lack of engine propulsion. To compensate for this, a bird must be light enough to be reasonably capable of lifting itself through the sheer combined force of its wing movements and the wind.

    Some specific traits that birds have to minimize their weight are bones filled with hollow spaces, a reproductive system that allows them to refrain from carrying their developing offspring in their body, and very quick digestive systems. These traits and more allow birds to maintain a low body mass at all times in order to make flying easier.

Avian Feathers

    Feathers are yet another adaptation that allow birds to fly. As you can see in the image here, birds have feathers that are placed in a very specific structure. This structure, composed of four different feather varieties, allows them to fly and maneuver in the air most efficiently. 

    The contour feathers make up the first type of feathers, and they aid in maintaining the bird's aerodynamic shape. The next type is called the wing flight feather and these are long and strong and allow the bird to fly. The next type is called the tail flight feather and the bird uses these to direct its path of motion. The last type of feather is called the covert feather and these are also used to maintain an aerodynamic shape.