References:

Bitz, C.C. and D.S. Battisti. Interannual to decadal variability in climate and the glacier mass balance in Washington, Western Canada, and Alaska. Journal of Climate, 12: 3181-3196.

Cayan, D.R. 1996. Interannual climate variability and snowpack in the western United States.
Journal of Climate, 9: 928-948.

Chavez, F.P., J. Ryan, S.E. Lluch-Cota and M. Ñiquen. 2003. From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science, 299: 217-221.

Gershunov, A. and T.P. Barnett. Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79(12): 2715-2725.

Hare, S. R. and N. J. Mantua. 2000. Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Progress in Oceanography, 47(2-4): 103-146

Mantua, N.J. 2001. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In: Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Mantua, N.J. 2000. PDO Index. http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/. Accessed 5 December 2003.

NASA. 2003. Ocean Surface Topography From Space. http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/. Accessed 5 December 2003.

Null, J. 2002. El Niño has a weather-making partner: Pacific Decadal Oscillation. In: San Jose Mercury News (17 January 2002).

 

Articles not referenced but also of interest:

Chao, Y., M. Ghil and J.C. McWilliams. 2000. Pacific interdecadal variability in this century's sea surface temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(15): 2261-2264.

Latif, M. and T.P. Barnett. 1994. Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and Northa America. Science, 266: 634-637.

Pierce, D.W. 2002. The role of sea surface temperatures in interactions between ENSO and the North Pacific Oscillation. American Meteorological Society, 15: 1295-1308.

Minobe, S. 1997. A 50-70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America. Geophysical Research Letters, 24(6): 683-686.