From: https://aegisacademy.com/schedule/terminal-ballistics-aegis-academy-wound-patterns/
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Terminal
ballistics covers the effects of the
ammunition hitting its target. The primary
things that this area of ballistics is
concerned with are penetration and wounding.
The image to the left shows
examples of projectile wounding. As
you can see, different types of ammunition
cause different wound patterns.
Penetration: The
depth of the wound caused. This can easily
be seen for each of our examples on the
x-axis.
Permanent Cavity: The volume of
destroyed matter that can't be restored (the
bullet hole). This is shown by the darker
areas at the center of the wound profiles.
Temporary Cavity: The area around the
permanent cavity in which matter is
distorted by the kinetic forces of the
projectile, but not destroyed. These can be
seen on all but the buckshot, but is most
easily spotted on the Hornady AMAX example.
Fragmentation: The projectile pieces
that spread outward from the permanent
cavity, causing additional damage. This can
most easily be seen with the buckshot
example, but we also can see a little
fragmentation for the Winchester and M855
profiles.
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There are
many types of ammunition used for different
purposes. The following are a few examples of
specialty ammo:
Armor Piercing: The
core of the bullet is made of a metal alloy
instead of lead. This is to penetrate
bullet-resistant and armored surfaces.
Metal Jacket: The core of the bullet
is completely encased in metal in order to
prevent impact expansion. This gives the
bullet great penetration power as it's
frontal area stays small, causing less drag.
Hollow Point: This usually jacketed
bullet is designed to expand upon contact,
widening the volume of the wound.
Bird Shot and Buck Shot: Instead of
holding a single bullet, the cartridge holds
a number of pellets. This reduces the amount
of accuracy needed to cause damage as the
pellets begin to spread out after exiting
the barrel.
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