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 So how is the shape of the aircraft made?  Well this is where we get into the Top Secret stuff.  In short, only government engineers and a privileged few know the answer to that question. All we know is what I said to the left, that the “stealth shape” is made to minimize right angles so when RF signals strike the aircraft surface they are not reflected back to their source as seen below.

 The last part that makes an aircraft stealthy to radar is what makes up the skin of the aircraft.  The radar absorbent material or RAM is a type of paint that absorbs RF signals and effectively prevents them from going back to their source. Again, the make up of RAM is also classified.

 Modern stealth aircraft are undetectable in 5 main areas: visual, acoustic, heat, infrared, and radar.  In this site we will focus on the last area, radar.  Making up ninety percent of what makes an aircraft stealthy is its shape. Through a combination of angles called planform shaping. American aerospace engineers began to research and test these planform or stealth shapes as early as the late 1940’s but it was not until the 1950’s when a little know book by a Russian physicist surfaced in the United States that stealthy shapes were first derived and used.  The book by Pyotr Ufimtsev entitled "Method of Edge Waves In The Physical Theory of Diffraction" became known by many aerospace engineers as the “Rosetta Stone” of the stealth shape.  Ufimtsev was able to provide calculations on how radio waves reflected off of different shapes.  Since radar, or RAdio Detection And Ranging, is an electromagnetic radio wave that is emitted by a radar antenna.  It was easy to apply Ufimtsev’s equations to radar.  Radar is used to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of, in this case, an aircraft.  To find these values a radar transmitter, transmits radio-frequency (RF) radiation.  The RF radiation is a high powered radio wave that is able to travel great distances.  It was found that when a radar wave strikes a 90 degree surface they scatter and a fraction of them reflect back to the radar antenna.  Using the equation to the left, a radar system can then calculate the size of an object and determine whether or not to display it as a threat or discard it as interference.  The way it determines what is interference is by the size of the object or in other words what the so called radar cross-section (RCR) of the target is.  A 747 has a huge RCR and would light up a radar operator’s screen while a F-22 has a RCR of a small bird and would be filtered out of most radar receivers as background noise.  Designers of stealth aircraft found that if they could change the surface of an aircraft to reflect radar signals away from a radar receiver then they could make an aircraft invisible to radar.  This concept is clearly evident in the F-117 Nighthawk and its very unique shape. See more in the “U.S. First Generation Designs” section.