Explosive Eruption Dynamics 
 

References

Burgisser, A, and Bergantz, G, 2002. Reconciling pyroclastic flow and surge: the multiphase physics of pyroclastic density currents. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202: 405-418.

Carey, S, and Sparks, S, 1986. Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48: 109-125.

Carey, S, and Bursik, M, 2000. Volcanic Plumes. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 527-544.

Dobran, F, Neri, A, and Macedonio, G, 1993. Numerical simulation of collapsing volcanic columns. Jounal of Geophysical Research, 98: 4231-4259.

Fujii, T, and Nakada, S, 1999. The 15 September 1991 pyroclastic flows at Unzen Volcano (Japan): a flow model for associated ash-cloud surges. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 89: 159-172.

Lipman, P, 2000. Calderas. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 643-662.

Sparks, S, 1986. The dimensions and dynamics of volcanic eruption columns. Bulletin of Volcanology, 48: 3-15.

Spera, F, 2000. Physical properties of magmas. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 171-190.

Wallace, P, and Anderson, A, 2000. Volatiles in magmas. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 149-170.

Woods, A, and Kienle, J, 1994. The dynamics and thermodynamics of volcanic clouds: Theory and observation from the April 15 and April 21, 1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 62: 273-299.

Pictured above are the upper Emerald Lake, on the flank of New Zealand's Tongariro Volcano, and a lovley privy in Kamchatka, on the flank of Mutnovsky volcano. Please note illustrations on the "doors."

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