The human nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous
system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system,
CNS, is just the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system,
PNS, includes the nerves and neurons that extend outwards from CNS, to
transmit information to your limbs and organs for example.
Communication between your cells is extremely important, neurons are
the messengers that relay information to and from your brain.
Nerve cells generate electrical signals to transmit
information. Neurons are not necessarily intrinsically great electrical
conductors, however, they have evolved specialized mechanisms for
propagating signals based on the flow of ions across their membranes.
In their inactive state neurons have a negative potential, called the
resting membrane potential. Action potentials changes the transmembrane
potential from negative to positive. Action potentials are carried
along axons, and are the basis for "information transportation" from
one cell in the nervous system to another. Other types of electrical
signals are possible, but we'll focus on action potentials. These
electrical signals arise from ion fluxes produced by nerve cell
membranes that are selectively permeable to different ions.
image:
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/images/neurons.gif