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Creative engineers can take advantage of the ground effect and create craft called Ekranoplans. These were gigantic boat planes built by the Soviet Union during the Cold War to transport large amounts of material quickly. These planes could only fly in the ground effect (over water, ice, or flat ground) but were very efficient.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekranoplan One way to combat vortices is to attach winglets, vertical extensions of the tip of the wings. This helps to prevent high pressure from spilling into the low-pressure area. This would stop wingtip vortices and induced drag caused by them. On some planes, this puts too much stress on the wing to justify their use.
http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRTypen/FRcivil.htm |
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This page was produced by Paul Swanson ( fspas10 [at] uaf.edu ) in March, 2005.