Motion is
generated from the wind force on the sails. There are
two cases that sailboats experience; downwind and
upwind. Downwind is easy to understand, simply using
Newton's Third Law there exists an equal but opposite force
from the sails. The force on the sails propel the
sailboat forward, at a speed equal to or less than wind
speed.
The other case is not so easy to grasp and
that's going into the wind. Even more puzzling is how
going into the wind is actually the fastest direction to
travel. This can be seen through a vector decomposition
of the "lift" force generated in a sail, explained in
Bernoulli's Equations.
Bernoulli's Equations state that the
external force Wext, in
this case work is from the wind, is equal to the
kinetic and potential energy (Romero).
Wext=K+U
&
Wext=W1+W2=p1V-p2V
K+U=p1V-p2V
...
p1+1/2þv1²+þgy1=p2+1/2þv2²+þgy2
(where þ=density,
p=pressure,
and
v=velocity)
In the case with sails, you have some air particles moving
faster on one side of the sail versus the other. In
order for the two sides of the equation to be equivalent,
pressure increases on the slower side that is greater than the
faster side. The difference results in a force on the
sail called lift.
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