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Special relativity unified electricity and magnetism into the electromagnetic
force. Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg unified the electromagnetic force
and weak force into the electroweak force. Extrapolation of present
experimental data predicts that the behavior of the electroweak force
and the strong force will become the same around 10^16 GeV  .This
results in the standard model, successfully incorporating the Lie
groups SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1). But where is gravity in all of this? Gravity
is expected to play a role at higher energies such as 10^19 GeV; this
energy scale is the Planck Mass
3. The problem is, the relationship between these forces is
not known. The two theories, |
general relativity and the standard model's quantum field theory, are incompatible.
The renormalizations
that normally occur in the equations are not present 4.
For example, the force between gravitons
is found to be
| infinite, a nonsensical answer 2. This incompatibility
can generally be avoided based on the applications of the two theories.
General relativity is applied to massive structures such as stars.
Quantum mechanics is applied to minute structures such as electrons
and quarks.Usually the application of one precludes the application
of the other. There are instances where both are required, however.
Singularities and the state of the universe before the big bang combine
enormous masses with minute distances; thus both theories are needed
but only one can be used. One of the major problems occurs with quantum
field theory's treatment of particles as points of zero size. In this
case, interactions occur at zero distance--a distance at which the
math fails to normalize 1. |
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