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The number of satellites
launched into low Earth orbit (LEO) is increasing at an
exponential rate. Launches support deployment of
multi-satellite constellations for many
applications. Experiments with electric field
sensors on Swarm-E and with the HAARP HF transmitter in
Alaska have been conducted to (a) better locate the
positions of satellites and space debris for prevention
of collisions and (b) reduce the fluxes of energetic
particles that can destroy satellite electronics.
Currently, there are about 27,000 known space objects
and over 100 million of unknown pieces of space
debris. Collision avoidance requires precise
knowledge of the positions for all space
objects. New techniques are being developed
to detect the small, < 10 cm, objects by the plasma
waves they generate in space. The basis for this
technique is that all space objects in orbit around the
Earth (1) pass through a magnetized plasma, (2) become
electrically charged, and thus (3) produce detectable
plasma waves. Field aligned irregularities (FAIs)
in the path of orbiting space objects are monitored by
the SuperDARN radar backscatter and by in situ electron
density probes. Space debris and satellites move
through these irregularities and can excite plasma
emissions such as whistler, compressional Alfven, or
lower hybrid waves. Orbital kinetic energy is the
source of lower hybrid waves which is converted into an
electromagnetic plasma oscillation when a charged space
object encounters a field aligned irregularity
(FAI). Such whistlers propagate undamped at around
9000 km/s from the source regions and can be detected at
ranges of several earth-radii.
Satellites also have to avoid impacts by energetic
particles that can damage solar panels and electronic
components. Whistler and electromagnetic ion
cyclotron (EMIC) waves can scatter trapped radiation
into the atmospheric loss cone and, thus, reduce
energetic particle fluxes. Many methods have been
proposed to generate these whistler waves using both
ground and space-based sources. For example,
amplitude of the whistlers from ground VLF transmitters,
satellites with large antennas, HF electrojet modulation
and electron beam injections from rockets provide
signals with 5 pT or less. All existing VLF
sources produce weak signals that are not effective to
remove radiation belt particles. A new technique
has been developed to amplify these waves as they pass
through the ionosphere using artificial injection of
lower hybrid waves. For example, the firing of a
small rocket motor in space yields neutral exhaust
moving up to 10 km/s with power over 1 MW. After
charge is exchanged with the ambient oxygen ions in the
ionosphere, the resulting ion ring-beam distribution
excites a lower hybrid parametric amplifier that
transfers the kinetic energy of the ions whistler or
EMIC waves passing through this region.
Measurements of 30 to 60 dB gain for waves through the
F-layer have been observed experimentally. If
these intense whistler waves are captured by field
aligned ducts and guided to the radiation belts, this
can lead to rapid reduction of the harmful particle
fluxes. The LH waves provide a pump for a whistler
traveling wave parametric amplifier (WTWPA) that
intensifies the VLF signals. Satellite
measurements of the VLF wave amplitudes in the
ionosphere have reached values between 200 pT and 1000
pT using amplification by the Cygnus BT-4 rocket motor
that boosts the ISS. Experiments by the University
of Alaska are also conducted to see if the HAARP,
high-power HF transmitter in Alaska can both modulate
the electrojet to generate whistlers and to amplify
these whistlers with HF pumped lower hybrid waves.
Modeling has been demonstrated by rapid radiation belt
remediation can occur in minutes with rocket exhaust
driven amplification (REDA) rather than days under with
unamplified sources.
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