Physics Department Seminar University of Alaska Fairbanks


J O U R N A L    C L U B

 

Active Reduction of Satellite Hazards from Radiation Belt Particles and Space Debris

 
by
 
Paul Bernhardt
UAF, Geophysical Institute


 


The number of satellites launched into low Earth orbit (LEO) is increasing at an exponential rate.  Launches support deployment of multi-satellite constellations for many applications.  Experiments with electric field sensors on Swarm-E and with the HAARP HF transmitter in Alaska have been conducted to (a) better locate the positions of satellites and space debris for prevention of collisions and (b) reduce the fluxes of energetic particles that can destroy satellite electronics.
Currently, there are about 27,000 known space objects and over 100 million of unknown pieces of space debris.  Collision avoidance requires precise knowledge of the positions for all space objects.   New techniques are being developed to detect the small, < 10 cm, objects by the plasma waves they generate in space.  The basis for this technique is that all space objects in orbit around the Earth (1) pass through a magnetized plasma, (2) become electrically charged, and thus (3) produce detectable plasma waves.  Field aligned irregularities (FAIs) in the path of orbiting space objects are monitored by the SuperDARN radar backscatter and by in situ electron density probes.  Space debris and satellites move through these irregularities and can excite plasma emissions such as whistler, compressional Alfven, or lower hybrid waves.  Orbital kinetic energy is the source of lower hybrid waves which is converted into an electromagnetic plasma oscillation when a charged space object encounters a field aligned irregularity (FAI).  Such whistlers propagate undamped at around 9000 km/s from the source regions and can be detected at ranges of several earth-radii.
Satellites also have to avoid impacts by energetic particles that can damage solar panels and electronic components.  Whistler and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can scatter trapped radiation into the atmospheric loss cone and, thus, reduce energetic particle fluxes.  Many methods have been proposed to generate these whistler waves using both ground and space-based sources.  For example, amplitude of the whistlers from ground VLF transmitters, satellites with large antennas, HF electrojet modulation and electron beam injections from rockets provide signals with  5 pT or less.  All existing VLF sources produce weak signals that are not effective to remove radiation belt particles.  A new technique has been developed to amplify these waves as they pass through the ionosphere using artificial injection of lower hybrid waves.  For example, the firing of a small rocket motor in space yields neutral exhaust moving up to 10 km/s with power over 1 MW.  After charge is exchanged with the ambient oxygen ions in the ionosphere, the resulting ion ring-beam distribution excites a lower hybrid parametric amplifier that transfers the kinetic energy of the ions whistler or EMIC waves passing through this region. 
Measurements of 30 to 60 dB gain for waves through the F-layer have been observed experimentally.  If these intense whistler waves are captured by field aligned ducts and guided to the radiation belts, this can lead to rapid reduction of the harmful particle fluxes.  The LH waves provide a pump for a whistler traveling wave parametric amplifier (WTWPA) that intensifies the VLF signals.  Satellite measurements of the VLF wave amplitudes in the ionosphere have reached values between 200 pT and 1000 pT using amplification by the Cygnus BT-4 rocket motor that boosts the ISS.  Experiments by the University of Alaska are also conducted to see if the HAARP, high-power HF transmitter in Alaska can both modulate the electrojet to generate whistlers and to amplify these whistlers with HF pumped lower hybrid waves.  Modeling has been demonstrated by rapid radiation belt remediation can occur in minutes with rocket exhaust driven amplification (REDA) rather than days under with unamplified sources.




 


Friday, 21 March, 2025


Note: Hybrid meeting by Zoom and in the Globe Room: https://zoom.us/j/796501820?pwd=R2xEcXNwZGVRbG0va29iN2REU241UT09


3:45PM