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               The number of satellites
                launched into low Earth orbit (LEO) is increasing at an
                exponential rate.  Launches support deployment of
                multi-satellite constellations for many
                applications.  Experiments with electric field
                sensors on Swarm-E and with the HAARP HF transmitter in
                Alaska have been conducted to (a) better locate the
                positions of satellites and space debris for prevention
                of collisions and (b) reduce the fluxes of energetic
                particles that can destroy satellite electronics. 
                Currently, there are about 27,000 known space objects
                and over 100 million of unknown pieces of space
                debris.  Collision avoidance requires precise
                knowledge of the positions for all space
                objects.   New techniques are being developed
                to detect the small, < 10 cm, objects by the plasma
                waves they generate in space.  The basis for this
                technique is that all space objects in orbit around the
                Earth (1) pass through a magnetized plasma, (2) become
                electrically charged, and thus (3) produce detectable
                plasma waves.  Field aligned irregularities (FAIs)
                in the path of orbiting space objects are monitored by
                the SuperDARN radar backscatter and by in situ electron
                density probes.  Space debris and satellites move
                through these irregularities and can excite plasma
                emissions such as whistler, compressional Alfven, or
                lower hybrid waves.  Orbital kinetic energy is the
                source of lower hybrid waves which is converted into an
                electromagnetic plasma oscillation when a charged space
                object encounters a field aligned irregularity
                (FAI).  Such whistlers propagate undamped at around
                9000 km/s from the source regions and can be detected at
                ranges of several earth-radii. 
                Satellites also have to avoid impacts by energetic
                particles that can damage solar panels and electronic
                components.  Whistler and electromagnetic ion
                cyclotron (EMIC) waves can scatter trapped radiation
                into the atmospheric loss cone and, thus, reduce
                energetic particle fluxes.  Many methods have been
                proposed to generate these whistler waves using both
                ground and space-based sources.  For example,
                amplitude of the whistlers from ground VLF transmitters,
                satellites with large antennas, HF electrojet modulation
                and electron beam injections from rockets provide
                signals with  5 pT or less.  All existing VLF
                sources produce weak signals that are not effective to
                remove radiation belt particles.  A new technique
                has been developed to amplify these waves as they pass
                through the ionosphere using artificial injection of
                lower hybrid waves.  For example, the firing of a
                small rocket motor in space yields neutral exhaust
                moving up to 10 km/s with power over 1 MW.  After
                charge is exchanged with the ambient oxygen ions in the
                ionosphere, the resulting ion ring-beam distribution
                excites a lower hybrid parametric amplifier that
                transfers the kinetic energy of the ions whistler or
                EMIC waves passing through this region.   
                Measurements of 30 to 60 dB gain for waves through the
                F-layer have been observed experimentally.  If
                these intense whistler waves are captured by field
                aligned ducts and guided to the radiation belts, this
                can lead to rapid reduction of the harmful particle
                fluxes.  The LH waves provide a pump for a whistler
                traveling wave parametric amplifier (WTWPA) that
                intensifies the VLF signals.  Satellite
                measurements of the VLF wave amplitudes in the
                ionosphere have reached values between 200 pT and 1000
                pT using amplification by the Cygnus BT-4 rocket motor
                that boosts the ISS.  Experiments by the University
                of Alaska are also conducted to see if the HAARP,
                high-power HF transmitter in Alaska can both modulate
                the electrojet to generate whistlers and to amplify
                these whistlers with HF pumped lower hybrid waves. 
                Modeling has been demonstrated by rapid radiation belt
                remediation can occur in minutes with rocket exhaust
                driven amplification (REDA) rather than days under with
                unamplified sources. 
               
            
            
              
             
            
            
              
             
             
            
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