In its earliest days in China, it was thought that crows lived on the sun. Even in the 1940s, some solar physicists believed that sunspots were like hurricanes. Since then, it was found that sunspots have strong magnetic fields and appear as pairs (positive/negative). In 1961, Babcock proposed that a magnetic tube of force below the photospheric surface breaks through the surface and that two breaking points correspond to a pair of spots. This idea has been universally accepted for almost 60 years (at least three generations).

However, his theory contradicts with some crucial observations, including the presence of single spots (a magnetic monopole-like), which cannot exist in physics.

Thus, a new theory is needed. I propose a new theory, which seems to explain the presence of single spots and at least two other major contradictions. A reviewer of my paper stated: “Novel, indeed heretical, ideas are much needed...”